Геропротекторы

Pioglitazone is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Pioglitazone selectively stimulates nuclear receptor peroxisone proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma). It modulates the transcription of the insulin-sensitive genes involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism in the lipidic, muscular tissues and in the liver.

An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.

Simvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent that is derived synthetically from the fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl COA reductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, it increases breakdown of LDL cholesterol.

Vinpocetine is a synthetic derivative of the minor alkaloid vincarmine from the Vinca genus of plants. This compound is a cyclic nucleotide PDE (Ca2±depended/calmodulin-stimulated phosphodiesterase) inhibitor. Studies suggest that vinpocetine’s selective inhibition of PDE1 may induce vascular relaxation by increasing cyclic GMP contents in vascular smooth muscle.

Vincristine Sulfate, a dimeric Vinca alkaloid, has been shown to bind to Tubulin via a protein self association reaction. This compound acts as a Tubuiln inhibitor by binding to sites at the ends of microtubules, which regulate the inhibition of Tubulin dimer addition to microtubule ends. Experiments have reported Vincristine Sulfate to demonstrate a capacity to suppress growth of proliferating cells through marked apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M. The cell death caused by this agent seems to result in a sustained accumulation of endogenous ceramide levels. Ceramide, has been proposed as a lipid second messenger with specific antiproliferative mediating responses. Vincristine Sulfate is an inhibitor of MAO. Vincristine Sulfate is also a substrate of PGP and CYP3A4.

Valproic acid (VPA, valproate), an acidic chemical compound, has found clinical use as an anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drug, primarily in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorder and prevention of migraineheadaches. VPA is a liquid at room temperature, but it can be reacted with a base such as sodium hydroxide to form the salt sodium valproate, which is a solid

An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the Cinchona tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular action potential, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.

Quercetin, one of the main flavonoids that exists in galangal (Zingiberaceae), is a hydroxylated flavanoid that has been shown to cause potent reversible inhibition of fatty-acid synthase. It possesses potential antiinflammatory properties. Quercetin also inhibits Trk (tyrosine protein kinase), phospholipase A2, PDE (phosphodiesterases), mitochondrial ATPase, PI 3-kinase and PKC (protein kinase C). It has been reported that the competitive inhibition of FASN by quercetin leads to apoptotic cell death which results in inhibition of cell proliferation. Quercetin also behaves as a GPR30 activator and calcium channel protein inhibitor.

An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378)

Nortriptyline Hydrochloride is a 5-HT2 serotonin receptor antagonist. It is a more potent inhibitor of the norepinephrine transporter (Ki = 3.4 nM) than the serotonin transporter (Ki = 161 nM).